Usage of east, west, north, and south; eastern, western, northern, southern

關於east, west, north, and south／東、西、南、北方位的說法，真的困擾我超久，這兩天終於找時間研究了一下，沒想到這個問題一點也不簡單，但如果從詞性來看，大概有以下幾種用法：

1. eastern, western, northern, and southern/ 形容詞 (adj)，基本句型是形容詞+名詞(adj+noun)
   
   We live in the eastern side of the city. (adj+noun)
   
   ＊被方位形容詞所修飾的名詞決定是否要加the or a/an
   
   A southern wind blows from the south.
   
   Southern winds blow from the south.
   
   I live in the southern village.
   
   I live in a southern village.
   
   *如果方位形容詞屬於專有名詞的一部分，需要大寫；陸地(continent)、國家、州、縣、市通常不加the，但獨特且唯一存在的事物，需加the，如北半球/the Nothern Hemisphere、赤道/the equator
   
   Northern Ireland is a province/region/country of the United Kingdom. (adj+noun)
   
   New Zealand is located in the Southern Hemisphere. (the +adj+noun)
   
   *指特定地區時大寫，非限定特定地區小寫：
   
   Northeastern Coast is a famous tourist attraction in Taiwan.
   
   My family moved to southern Taipei last year.
   
   *方位形容詞用於修飾人、政治、社會與文化活動時要大寫，但用來形容地理和天氣時，不需要大寫：
   Western culture, but western winds
   
   Eastern etiquette, but eastern temperature
2. east, west, north, and south/ 形容詞 (adj)，基本句型也是形容詞+名詞(adj+noun)，用法跟eastern, western, northern, and southern一樣：
   
   She owns a house in the north part of the island.
   
   South America is a continent.
   
   Penguins live in the South Pole.
3. east, west, north, and south/名詞(noun)，指方向不需要大寫，指特定區域時大寫：
   
   He drove from east to west in the city.
   
   The sun rises in the east.
   
   She grew up in the Deep South.
   
   We study in the west of Kaohsiung.
4. east, west, north, and south/副詞(adv)，基本句型動詞/形容詞/副詞+副詞(verb／adj/adv+adv)：
   
   He stays in the room facing south. (verb + adv)
   
   I take the train south to visit my family every Chinese New Year. (verb ... + adv)
   
   
   Source：Macmillan Dictionary
                  Cambridge Dictionary Online
                  Proofreadnow.com
                  A Communicative Grammar of English